200 será possivel

pedro121 escreveu:Ahhh, mas e se ela ocorrer no inverno, não cantar e só chamar, consegue-se só pelo chamamento distinguir?

PNicolau escreveu:
É caso para dizer: bem podes esperar sentado.

Gonçalo Elias escreveu:
De qualquer forma tanto quanto sei é uma espécie residente, nao sendo conhecidos grandes movimentos dispersivos.
Acresce que se por acaso ocorrer em Portugal, o sítio certo para as procurar é a serra da Estrela (ou do Gerês).

pedro121 escreveu:
O mesmo pode ser dito do Pardal-alpino, supostamente é residente, e só faz movimentos em altitude, e no entanto...

Taken from the BWP on CD-ROM: copyright Oxford University Press.

Movements
Chiefly resident; some birds make altitudinal movements, especially in east of range; in west of range, some birds short-distance migrants. Pattern incompletely known, due in part to lack of observers at high altitude, and low overall numbers; no information on ageclass of migrants.

Observations in Switzerland, Turkey, and Kazakhstan show that some birds ascend above breeding grounds in initial post-breeding period, moving down again in autumn (Glutz von Blotzheim 1962; Sutton and Gray 1972; Korelov et al. 1974). In Europe, most birds then remain within breeding range; often regarded as wholly resident, with isolated reports far from known range attributed to vagrancy; recently, however, annual records above treeline in outlying mountains indicate that small proportion winters regularly up to at least 300 km from breeding sites; sporadic records further afield are presumably of vagrants. Reported outside breeding areas as early as October, suggesting little dependence on weather conditions; last records in April.
In Switzerland, many winter above 2000 m, some regularly moving lower (to 1500 m) to take advantage of food in tourist areas; reported only occasionally below 800 m (Schifferli et al. 1982; Winkler 1984). In area of 19 km2 at 1800–4000 m on Kleine Scheidegg in Berner Oberland (Switzerland), where c. 50 pairs breed, c. 600–800 birds wintered 1981–4, and were widely scattered throughout Berner Oberland (c. 650 km2) March–October; some travelled further, with 3 ringed 21–22 February 1984 recovered 275 km ESE in Tirol (Austria) 30 March 1987, and bird ringed 25 April 1982 recovered 437 km south-west in Gard (southern France) 20 October 1982 (Heiniger 1991). Most records of movements are from France, between north-west and south of Alpine breeding area, or north-east from Pyrénées. To west and north-west of Alps, reported from Jura and probably regular as far north as Vosges mountains, with one record at Lac Kir near Dijon at c. 230 m (Michelat and Viain 1984; Yeatman-Berthelot 1991). At southern edge of Alps in Haute-Provence (outside breeding area), winters regularly in Mont Ventoux (November–March), Montagne de Lure, Mourre de Chanier, and Cheiron; e.g. 21 January 1982, 3 groups of 90, 40, and 15 birds on Mont Ventoux; more irregular further south, where reported only as singles or very small groups (Cheylan 1973; Besson 1982); has reached coast in Camargue and at Nice (Michelat and Viain 1984). Further west, Cévennes¾equidistant (c. 300 km) from Alps and Pyrénées perhaps also a regular wintering area; groups of birds recorded at scattered sites November 1972 to February 1973 (not a severe winter); provenance not known, but from either breeding area birds would need to leave mountains and traverse river plain (Cheylan 1973). Similarly, origin unknown of wintering or passage birds apparently regular further west in Montagne Noire and at Carcassonne; perhaps birds disperse north-east from Pyrénées, but west or south-west heading recorded twice at Carcassonne (mid- to late October), so Alpine origin also possible (Debru 1961; Cugnasse 1975). Present all year in Pyrénées, and some birds frequent ski resorts; increase in eastern records in winter shows that some birds from central Pyrénées move eastwards, perhaps due to mildness of Mediterranean climate (Muntaner et al. 1983). One record at sea-level near Barcelona (north-west Spain) (Soler 1963). In Piemonte and Val d'Aosta (north-west Italy), reported only exceptionally below 1000 m (450 m minimum) (Mingozzi et al. 1988); in Belluno (north-east Italy), recorded along Piave river at 330–420 m (Faveri 1989). Movements apparently with character of migration reported in central Italy; further south, on Ustica island (north of Sicily), group of 15 birds 16 October 1976 had presumably travelled 350 km south-west from nearest breeding area, of which 250 km across open sea; this apparently exceptional movement suggested possibility of true migration (Massa 1978). One record from Malta, 28 October 1970 (Sultana and Gauci 1982), 1–2 from Mallorca (Balearic Islands) (Serra 1978), and one ‚apparently genuine‘ record from Tenerife (Canary Islands) c. 1841 (Bannerman 1919). In Turkey, descends to lower altitudes in winter, when it also occurs more widely on central plateau (Beaman et al. 1975).
In central Asia, present in breeding areas in winter; tends to frequent south-facing slopes; makes irregular altitudinal movements dependent on severity of weather, descending to 1000–2000 m, or exceptionally leaving mountains; also moves to vicinity of human settlements (Ivanov 1969; Korelov et al. 1974). In north-west Mongolia, recorded below breeding range from late August or early September (Sushkin 1938). In Afghanistan, early June, and in Tibet, May, large flocks recorded in valleys, presumably forced down from mountains by snowfall (Schäfer 1938; Paludan 1959).
DFV

Gonçalo Elias escreveu:
A situação não é assim tão simples Pedro.

O pardal-alpino é parcialmente residente, mas há vários casos conhecidos de aves que efectuam movimentos migratórios.

pedro121 escreveu:E o que é que o BWP diz sobre a trepadeira, não ouve já casos documentados de irrupções ou fenómenos migratórios?  

Taken from the BWP on CD-ROM: copyright Oxford University Press.

Movements
Varies from sedentary to partial migrant across range. Movement both nocturnal and diurnal (Hildén 1974; Frelin 1975).
Northern race, nominate familiaris, partial migrant, eruptive in north of range, with heading chiefly south-west in autumn (reverse in spring). Regular on passage in south-west Finland, southern Sweden, and on Baltic coast; recorded annually from Denmark, and in most years reaches Netherlands (Møller 1978; Zink 1981; SOVON 1987). Numbers usually small, but much larger in irruption years: on Signilskär (Åland islands, south-west Finland) 18–210 ringed annually 1972–6, and on Lågskär (Aland islands), 41–596 ringed 1971–6; at 2 other Finnish sites, Säppi and Jurmo, 219 ringed in 1967, only 20 in 1966. Irruption of 1967 probably originated east of Finland, as local population depleted by 2 hard winters; however, irruptions of 1972 and 1973 probably resulted from high population levels in Finland following mild winters. (Hildén 1968a, Hildén 1968b, Hildén 1977c; Osieck 1976). Similar fluctuations reported from southern Sweden: at Ottenby, 14–132 ringed annually 1972–5 (Ingvarson 1978); at Falsterbo, 1947–80, c. 80% of 565 birds were ringed in 5 years (1962, 1966, 1972, 1973, 1980) (Roos 1984). Varying annual numbers also reported from Estonia, Latvia, and Polish coast (Zink 1981; Rute and Baumanis 1986). Large-scale movement less evident in Norway, and 500 ringed 1972 was exceptional (Holgersen 1975; Zink 1981).
In Netherlands, c. 50 records in winter 1972–3 (all examined were this race), mostly in north; only 2 previous records of the species; marked influx also in 1975, but 1973 irruption extended less far, with only 1 Dutch record (Osieck 1975b; Scharringa and Osieck 1980). Rare on Helgoland (West Germany), with only 5 records 1953–63, but 3 in 1972 (Osieck 1975b; Zink 1981). Extent of movement across Europe apparently slight, but not well known, as masked by resident macrodactyla. Most ringing recoveries are from Baltic region and Scandinavia and fall within passage periods, showing, e.g., movement from Estonia to Vistula estuary (Poland) in 16 days, and from Latvia to Hel (Polish coast) in 8 days; 3 birds ringed Hel, April, were recovered in north-west USSR in January–February of subsequent years, indicating that individuals may migrate in some years only. Other movements include bird ringed Hammarön (southern Sweden), October, recovered Lågskar, 368 km ENE, April, and bird ringed Torhamn (south-east Sweden), September, found 330 km north-west the following month; further a field, movements recorded from Koszalin (Poland) to Osnabrück (West Germany), c. 550 km WSW, and from south-west Norway to northern Belgium, 846 km south-west. 3 exceptional recoveries: bird ringed Belgium recovered Leningrad region, February; bird ringed northern Poland, May, recovered southern Italy in April 6 years later; and bird ringed central Poland, October, recovered Mallorca (Balearic Islands) in December of later year. (Zink 1981; Mal'chevski and Pukinski 1983; Runde 1984; Rep. Swedish Bird-ringing 1972, 1977.
Spring passage weak in comparison with autumn, with small numbers even following irruptions. At Ottenby, over 39 years, 991 autumn records, 72 spring (Enquist and Pettersson 1986). On Lågskar, 90 recorded in autumn 1971, 4 in following spring; 350 in autumn 1972, 24 in following spring (Hildén 1974). At Hel, spring numbers tend to be small despite leading-line effect of coastline: 130 in autumn 1972, but 11 in subsequent spring; in 1973–4, however, 91 records in autumn and 57 in spring (Zink 1981). In Rominter Heide (Poland/USSR), most juveniles and many adults reported to leave breeding area (Steinfatt 1939). Limited movement reported from European USSR. Marked increase in numbers in Moscow region in autumn, and some birds leave in winters with heavy snow (Ptushenko and Inozemtsev 1968). Similarly, in Volga-Kama region, immigrants swell numbers; in one reserve, autumn/winter numbers 10 times higher than summer (Popov 1978). In western Ukraine, some birds make altitudinal movements (Strautman 1954).
Autumn movement in Finland begins mid-September in most years, peaking 2nd week of October and continuing to end of October or beginning of November; in irruption years, begins mid- or late August, peaking at end of September (Hildén 1974). Passage at Ottenby mostly mid-September to late October (Enquist and Pettersson 1986), and peaks late September on Polish coast (Busse and Halastra 1981). In northern Denmark, earliest records 4–30 September over 3 years, with peak mid-October continuing to mid-November (Møller 1978). In 1972, invasion in Netherlands began 25 September and peaked mid-October (Osieck 1975b). Movement most conspicuous in September in Leningrad region (Mal'chevski and Pukinski 1983). Spring movement in northern Denmark mid-March to April, peaking early April (Møller 1978); at Ottenby, recorded late March to April, mostly 1st half of April (Enquist and Pettersson 1986). On Polish coast, main passage until 10 April, decreasing to beginning of May (Busse 1976).
British race, britannica, sedentary. Winter distribution only slightly less extensive than breeding distribution, with no evidence for any marked descent from uplands (Lack 1986). Ringing data show that individuals rarely move more than 20 km; of 41 recoveries up to 1970, 32 showed no movement, 7 less than 16 km, one 16 km, one 21 km (Flegg 1973). 2 exceptional records: in southern England, bird ringed Stroud, July, recovered 115 km ESE at Farnham, October; in northern England, bird ringed Spurn, September, recovered 200 km west in Merseyside, 15 days later (Spencer and Hudson 1979; Mead and Hudson 1984). In Ireland, autumn records outside breeding range on southern coast are attributed to post-breeding dispersal (Hutchinson 1989). Rare vagrants to Britain (especially Scotland) are mostly familiaris, some unknown (British Ornithologists' Union 1971); exceptional record of 4 birds in Shetland, autumn 1980 (Thom 1986). 3 records in Channel Islands, October, race not known (R Long).
Central European race, macrodactyla, sedentary, with local dispersal outside breeding season (Lebreton 1977; Møller 1978; Zink 1981). Small-scale movements reported from Alpine passes: at Col de Bretolet (western Switzerland), 15 passage birds trapped in 9 years 1954–74 (Zink 1981), but more regular at Col de la Golèze in French Alps, with 3–10 birds each year, 1966–73 (Frelin 1975). Sedentary nature reflected in absence of records from Netherlands, despite breeding populations in neighbouring Belgium and West Germany (Berg 1987). Exceptionally moves considerable distance: bird ringed southern Bohemia (Czechoslovakia), December, recovered in May, 4- years later, 100 km WNW, and bird ringed in Wauwilermoos (Switzerland), October, found dead 220 km east in Tirol (Austria) the following April; also bird (C. familiaris or Short-toed Treecreeper C. brachydactyla ringed in Hitzkirch (Switzerland), June, recovered 160 km south-west in Haute-Savoie (eastern France) in November of following year (Wiprächtiger 1980; Zink 1981).
Corsican race, corsa, and south-west Asian race, persica, resident; perhaps some southward dispersal in Turkey (Thibault 1983; Hollom et al. 1988; Martins 1989).
Extralimital Asian races predominantly resident, with some vertical displacement and local dispersal in winter (Dementiev and Gladkov 1954a; Ali and Ripley 1973; Inskipp and Inskipp 1985).
In North and Central America, winter range includes much of breeding range (except highest latitudes), and extends south-east through non-breeding areas of central and south-east USA to southern Texas, Gulf Coast, and central Florida; present in winter at higher latitudes on west coast than elsewhere. Altitudinal migration occurs, e.g. in Appalachian mountains and Colorado. Autumn movement September–October(-November); spring movement March to mid-May. Vagrant to Bermuda. (Bent 1948; ****American Ornithologists' Union (American Ornithologists' Union 1983); National Geographic Society 1987.
MK, DFV